Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) setup. (a) schematic

Download scientific diagram | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) setup. (a) schematic representation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the context of upper limb sensory restitution. This figure schematically illustrates how an electrode placed on the skin can generate a voltage field within the residual forearm's soft tissue. By placing the electrodes in the appropriate positions, the voltage field can elicit referred and clear sensations from the missing hand, corresponding to median and ulnar nerve innervations, as shown in transparent green and red. This allows for a certain amount of selectivity in the elicited response. (b) shows the exact electrode placements for each of the four subjects. The stimulation parameters (fixed amplitude, range of pulse widths) are also shown. The positions of the electrodes were patient specific.  from publication: A somatotopic bidirectional hand prosthesis with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation based sensory feedback | According to amputees, sensory feedback is amongst the most important features lacking from commercial prostheses. Although restoration of touch by means of implantable neural interfaces has been achieved, these approaches require surgical interventions, and their long-term | Sensory Feedback, Nerve Stimulation and Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation | ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.

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Geometric structure of the 3D FEM for TENS. (A) The schematic

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